Commercialization of Agriculture Essay

IntroductionThe British prescript had pro nonenced and profound frugal par attain on India. The various scotch policies followed by the British adopt to the rapid trans pull ination of Indias deliverance into a colonial economy whose nature and structure were determined by needs of the British economy. maven important aspect of British economic policy was commercialisation of floriculture. commercialization of cultivation which can be defined as a influence where peasants start producing primarily for sale in distant trades, rather than to satiate their own need for feed or to move in local anesthetic markets, (Roy, 2007) has interpreted place at different snips in rejoinder to different stimuli.In the Indian context though a second of commercial crops such as cotton, tobacco and sugarcane were upgraden somewhatwhat extensively even off before the advent of British rule (Habib, 1982), since dobriny of a function revenue had to be paid mostly in change an d the prices of these crops were much higher at that time relative to the prices of foodgrains, however, commercialization of agriculture at that time corresponded yet to the requirements of traditional revenue economy in which the important form of revenue payable happened to be an indistinguishable mix of tax, re state of ward and rent (Raj, 1985).No doubt the need to pay revenue in cash was the initial compelling force for the marketing of unsophisticated produce, the boastfully surpluses so extracted from agriculture, with prohibited a flow of goods and services in the reverse program line in exchange, was basically an impediment to further commercialization (Raj, 1985). consequently, commercialization of agriculture in pre-British period existed only in its embryonic form. In adjust backbone, in that locationfore, agriculture of India got a commercial orientation during the British rule.Industrialization in Europe and commercialisation of floriculture in IndiaThe c ommercialization of Indian land took place not to feed the industries of India because India was far behind in industrial development as compared to Britain, France, Belgium and many opposite European countries of eighteenth hundred. The commercialization of Indian Agriculture was d unity primarily to feed the British industries that it was taken up and achieved only in cases-of those rural intersection points which were either needed by theBritish industries or could fetch cash commercial gain to the British in the European or American market. For example, several efforts were made to summation the outturn of cotton in India to provide raw and good part cotton to the cotton-textile industries of Britain which were growing fast by and by the Industrial Revolution in Britain. on that pointfore, cotton growing area amplify in India and its production change magnitude manifold with gradual lapse of time. Indigo and more than that, tea and java plantation were encouraged in I ndia because these could get commercial market abroad. It was right to the British planters, traders and manufacturers, who were provided with opport maven to make abundant profits by acquiring the commercialized country products at, throw a substance prices. The commercialization of Indian agriculture besides partly benefited Indian traders and coin lenders who made huge fortunes by working as middlemen for the British. This regard they acted as conduits delivering the products from peasants to the British company from where it was taken abroad.Though markets and trade in agricultural goods existed in quite form forms and on a large scale in the pre-British period just the market expansion in the British period marked a soft and quantitative break. According to Tirthankar Roy, in that location were three main qualitative changes.First, before the British rule, product markets were constrained and subject to imperfections, given numerousness of weights and measures, backwa rd and risky transportation systems, and extensive use of barter. British rule and the railways weakened these constraints. By doing so, it enab conduct closer integration of global, regional and local markets. Second, from the time of industrial revolution, a new inter topic specialization began to emerge as a will of trade. India specialized, in agricultural exports. Third, in turn, changes in the product market induced changes in background, labor, and credit markets (Roy, 2007). The American Civil warfare in addition indirectly encouraged commercialization of agriculture in India the British cotton demand was diverted to India. The demand of cotton was maintained even after the civil war ceased because of the rise of cotton textile industries in India.The commercialization of India agriculture was initiated in India by the British through their direct and indirect policies and activities. Firstly, the new shore up tenure system introduced in form of permanent settlement and Ryotwari Settlement had made agricultural land a freely exchangeable commodity. The Permanent settlement by giving possession right to the zamindars created a section of wealthy landlords they could make use of this self-possession right by sale or purchase of land. Secondly, the agriculture which had been way of life rather than a chore enterprise now began to be practiced for sale in internal and international market.Thirdly, the political unity established by the British and the resulted in rise of the unified national market. Fourthly, the spread of money economy replaced the barter and agricultural goods became market items and the surrogate of custom and tradition by competition and contract. Finally, the British policy of one way free trade also acted as fitting support factor for commercialization as the make items in textile, jute etc. could rule free entry in Indian markets, where as the manufactured goods did not consume similar free access to European markets.s hock of commercialization on Indian AgricultureIt is interesting to note that though there is petty controversy with regard to the role of British in initiating and promoting the forces which take to the commercialization of Indian agriculture, however, the nature of commercialization and its impact on the Indian peasantry had been very controversial issue, both during and after the British rule. To the nationalists, it was not out of the free will of the cultivators commercialization of agriculture was forced and artificial (Dutt, 1906). This was so because the high pitch of revenue demand in cash compelled the cultivators to shell out large portion of the produce of their fields keeping an insufficient broth for their own consumption. On the other hand the colonial bureaucracy argued that it was the market force rather than the drive of land revenue that was drawing the farmers into the business of production for the market. The commercial crops were more profitable and this economic incentive led them to produce for sale and export, thus making it possible for them to increase per capita in seminal fluid.Furthermore, the imperialistic historiography and the colonial bureaucracy viewed commercialization ofagriculture, the expansion of trade in agricultural products and the rising agricultural prices as an indication of the growing prosperity of the peasantry. (Satyanarayana, 2005). On the other hand anti-imperialist historiography (both nationalist and radical Marxist) emphasizing the contradict impact of commercialization of agriculture and the integration implied that agricultural production in India was to be determined by imperial preferences and needs (Bhatia, 1967). Moreover, other historians following the neo-classical economic theory or with anti-imperialistic orientations (Marxists and non Marxists) have extended their support to either of the two.The commercialization of agriculture was a forced and artificial process for the majority of Ind ian peasants. It was introduced under coercion of the British and not out of the incentive of peasantry at large. The peasantry went for cultivation of commercial crops under duress. Most importantly the life of the Indian peasant was tied to the highly fluctuating national and international market. He was no longer a deciding factor in agricultural practices. Further, by making agricultural land a tradable commodity, the peasant helpless his security feeling. High land revenue demand forced him to take loan from the money lender at high interest rates. visitation to pay debt in time meant loss of land to the money lender at high interest rates. It led to land alienation and increase in the number of agricultural laborers whose conditions especially in plantation manufacture was pathetic.He had to pay the land revenue due to the British regimen in time. Moreover, he had to grow commercial crop on a specified tract of his land under the oppression of planters. Also, Indian money lenders advanced Cash advances to the farmers to cultivate the commercial crops and if the peasants failed to pay him back in time, the land of peasants came under ownership of moneylenders. The poor peasant was forced to sell his produce just after harvest at whatever prices he could get. This placed him at the money of the grain merchant, who was in a bureau to dictate terms and who purchased his produced at much less than the market price.It also resulted in reduced area under cultivation of food crops. The interlock result of this change was that Indian failed to produce even that much foodcrops which could provide even two square meals a day to its population. The ruin was further enhanced became the population of India was increasing every year, fragmentation of land was taking place because of the increasing hug on land and new-fashioned techniques of agricultural production were not introduced in India. While the upper class and British industries benefited-from it, the Indian peasants life was tiedto remote international market. It touch on adversely the poor people of India it became difficult for them to get even sufficient food. This becomes ample from the fact that ill 1880 India had a surplus of foodstuffs to the extent of louvre zillion tons and by 1945 it had a deficit of 10 million tons. George Byn records that from 1893-94 to 1945-46, the production of commercial crops increased by 85 percent and that of food crops fell by 7 percent. This had a devastating effect on the rural economy and often took the shape of paucitys.Bhatia believes that the rather famines were localized, and it was only after 1860, during the British rule, that famine came to signify general shortage of foodgrains in the country. There were approximately 25 major famines spread through postulates such as Tamil Nadu in the south, and Bihar and Bengal in the east during the latter half of the nineteenth century. dandy belief and Indian AgricultureA global econom ic depression broke out in 1929. However, the causes were more diverse and multi-pronged, with the descend in costs and economic deflation of the post-war period existence one of the main reasons. This deflation was caused by overweening manufacturing activities during the First World War. As a result, huge stocks of goods were piled up without being used. Wartime expenditure had reduced the countries of Europe to a state of heavy debt (Manikumra, 2003). With the outbreak of the Second World War, India was required to provide the resources for backing the war expenditures, which amounted to nearly 38 billion rupees from 194146.Government accustomed excessive importance in maintaining war related production, as a result of which a comprehensive system of put outing food to the urban areas at controlled prices was put in place. The rural poor were not viewed as being essential to the war effort and so the main burden of war financing waspassed on to them.With the enormous Depre ssion, agricultural prices worldwide started falling earlier than industrial prices. As a result, the manufacturing-agriculture terms of trade turned acutely against agriculture. A substantial redistribution took place from the mass of rural producers to urban classes. Thus the combination of the long term trend of decline in per direct production of foodgrains, a rise in per head production of marketable and the effects of deteriorating terms of trade created a set of pre-famine conditions in the sense that any substantial shock to the economic system under these stack was almost certain to precipitate famine in the absence of countervailing intervention. Taxes were jacked up and deficit financing by printing money was resorted to and money supply is estimated to have raised five folds in the four years from 1940.As a result there was a war boom and profit inflation. rice price started an upward spiral from the last quarter of 1941, doubled deep down a year and quadrupled with in eighteen months.Also, the colonial government from the startle strongly pushed exportable production by forcible cultivation of poppy in the early 19th century and export of opium to China, culminating in the infamous opium wars and anil mutiny. With time overt force became less necessary as the pressure of revenue demand transmitted down to the peasant cultivators as the pressure of rental demand and in the case of landlords paying the revenue compelled peasants to grow more commercial crops to sell and to commercialize food production itself. famine Indian Agriculture strained by commercialization and Great DepressionThe fall in prices had been higher in India compared to the rest of the world, the price of commodities manufactured in India rose dramatically compared to imports from the UnitedKingdom or some other country in the world. The Great Depression had a ugly impact on the Indian farmer. While there was a steady, unrepressed increase in land rent, the value of the ag ricultural produce had come downto alarming levels. Therefore, having incurred heavy losses, the farmer was compelled to sell off sumptuous and silver ornaments in his possession in order to pay the land rent and other taxes. Farmers who were cultivating food crops had earlier moved over to cash crop cultivation in large numbers to meet the demands of the mill in the United Kingdom. Now, they were crippled as they were unable to sell their products in India due to the high prices nor could they export the commodities to the United Kingdom which had recently adoptive a protective policy prohibiting imports from India.An ex ante excess of investment over nest egg was converted to equality through forced savings extracted via food price inflation from the rural population. The consumption of food was past estimated at one and a half pound per individual and in 1945 it was 1 pound. Nearly thirty percent of the Indian population was estimated to be suffering from chronic malnutrition and under nutrition. Thus, the commercialization of agriculture in India by the British was also one of the important causes of the impoverishment of the Indian people. This resulted in a combination of famines and epidemics claiming around 2.7 to 3.1 million lives.The most cited example is that of Bengal shortages. Romesh Chunder Dutt argued as early as 1900, and present-day scholars such as Amartya Sen agree, that some past famines were a product of both uneven rainfall and British economic and administrative policies, which since 1857 had led to the seizure and conversion of local farmland to foreign-owned plantations, restrictions on internal trade, heavy taxation of Indian citizens to support British. The Great Famine of 187678, in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 18991900, in which 1.25 to 10 million people died were the most destructive famines.The Bengal Famine resulted in approximately 3 milliondeaths. more often than not the estima tes are between 1.5 and 4 million, considering death due to starvation, malnutrition and disease, out of Bengals 60.3 million populations. Half of the victims would have died from disease after food became available in December 1943. Generally it is thought that there was serious decrease in food production during that time which is coupled with continuing export of grain.However according to Amartya Sen, there was no significant decrease in food production in 1943 (in fact food productionwas higher compared to 1941). The highest mortality was not in previously very poor groups, but among artisans and small traders whose income vanished when people fatigued all they had on food and did not employ cobblers, carpenters, etc. The famine also caused major economic and social disruption, ruining millions of families.ConclusionSince colonial times, opinions would seem to have been divided between optimists, for whom commercialization marked come about and a growing prosperity for all pe ssimists, for whom it marked regress into intensify class stratification and mass pauperization and skeptics who held that it made very little difference and that its impact was largely absorbed by pre-existing structures of wealth accumulation and power on the land. However, capitalization in the 21 st century is said to create similar impact as colonial times, the only difference being that the later one was forced through tyrannic policies, whereas the former would be market driven.The farmer in his choice of crops attached greater importance to market demand and price than o other factors. Capitalism has mixed impacts on Indian agriculture. While it brings about rest and globalization that leads to trans-border availability of agricultural products all over the world, it breaks the economic liberty in India leading to greater dependency onmarket forces. trade of food products is one of the major reasons for inflation in India, it reduces the availability of agricultural prod ucts in India, increasing the demand and thus escalating the prices.Trade and liberalization has also made Indian agriculture vulnerable to global crisis. However, it provides for a national economy and also brought about regional specialization of crops on an businesslike basis. Hence, it is essential to learn from the lessons in the past and formulate policies to mitigate the negative impacts on Indian agriculture while being globally committed and liberalized.ReferencesAtchi Reddy, M., The commercialization of Agriculture in Nellore DistrictEffects on Wages, function and Tenancy. in Essays on the Commercialization of Indian Agriculture, editors et. al. K.N.Raj, 163-83. Delhi Oxford University Press, 1985. Avineri, Shlomo editor. Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization. Garden metropolis 1969. Barber, William. British economic Thought and India 1600-1858 A Study in the fib of Development stintings. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1975. Bardhan, Pranab K. Land, Labor, and R ural Poverty Essays in Development Economics. Delhi Oxford University Press, 1984.Bhatia, B.M. Famines in India, 1860-1965. tender York (1967)Beaud, Michel. A History of Capitalism, 1500-1980. new(a) York Monthly Review Press, 1983. Bernanke, B.S. Essays on the Great Depression. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000 Bharadwaj, Krishna. A View on Commercialisation in Indian Agriculture and the Development of Capitalism. The Journal of Peasant Studies 12, no. 4 (1985) 7-25. Chaudhuri, Binay Bhushan. The Process of rural Commercialisation in Eastern India During British ruleA second thought of the Nations of Forced Commercialisation and Dependent Peasantry. In Meanings in Agriculture Essays in southeastern Asian History and Economics, editor Peter Robb, 71-91. New Delhi Oxford University Press, 1996. Dutt, R. C. Economic History of India in the Victorian Age, 1837-1901. London (1906).Greenough, Paul R. Prosperity and miserableness in Modern Bengal The Famine of 1943-1944. N ew York Oxford University Press, 1982.Habib, Irfan (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol. 1, c.1200-c.1757 New Delhi Orient Longman (1982).Ludden, David. Agrarian Commercialism in Eighteenth Century southwesterly India Evidence From the 1823 Tirunelveli Census. Indian Economic and social History Review 25, no. 4 (1988) 493-520.. The Terms of Ryotwari Praxis Changing Property Relations Among Mirasidars in the Tinnevelly District. In Studies in South India An Anthology of Recent Research and Critical Scholarship, Editor Pauline Kolenda, pp.151-70. Madras New Era Publications and the American Institute of Indian Studies, 1985.Ludden, David (editor). bucolic exertion and Indian History. Delhi Oxford University Press, 1994.Manikumar, K. A. A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (19291937). Orient Blackswan. (2003). ISBN 978-81-250-2456-9.Mishra, Satish Chandra. Commercialisation, Peasant Differentiation and Merchant Capital in former(a) Nineteenth Century Bo mbay and Punjab. Journal of Peasant Studies 10, no. 1 (1982).Mokyr, Joel editor. The British Industrial Revolution An Economic Perspective. Boulder Westview Press, 1993.Naoroji,Dadabhai. PovertyandBritishRuleinIndia.1901.http//www.historydiscussion.net/british-india/expansion-and-commercialization-ofagriculture-during-the-british-rule-in-india/640 (accessed on September 4th, 2014) Raj, K.N. Neeladari Bhattacharya, Sumit Guha, and Shakti Padhi (ed.), Essays on Commercialization of Agriculture in India. Delhi Oxford University Press, (1985), p. viii.Rajasekhar, D. Commercialization of Agriculture and Changes in Distribution of Land Ownership in Kurnool District of Andhra 9C.1900-1950). The South Indian Economy Agrarian Change, Industrial Structure, and offer Policy, C1914-1947, 78-119. Delhi Oxford University Press, 1991.Ray, Rajat Kanta. The Bazaar Changing Structural Characteristics in the Indigenous Section of the Indian Economy Before and After the Great Depression. The Indian Ec onomic and Social History Review 25, no. (3) (1988) pp. 263-318.Robb, Peter. Peasant Choices? Indian Agriculture and the Limits ofCommercialization in Nineteenth-Century Bihar. The Economic History Review XLV, no. 1 (1992). Roy, Tirthankar. The Economic History of India, 1857-1947. New Delhi Oxford University Press, second edition (2007), p. 124.Satyananarayana A., Expansion of Commodity Production and Agrarian Market. New Delhi Oxford University Press, second edition (2005), p. 182.Satyasai, K. J. S., and K. U. Viswanathan. Commercialisation and Diversification of Indian Agriculture. Economic and Political Weekly 31, no. 45-46 (1996) 3027-28. Sen, Amartya K. Poverty and Famines An Essay in Entitlement and Deprivation. New York Oxford University Press, 1981.Shiva, Vandana. Ecology and the Politics of Survival Conflicts Over Natural Resources in India. Newbury Park, CA Sage Publications, 1991.Tilly, Louise A. Food Entitlement, Famine, and Conflict. In Hunger and History The Impact of Changing Food Productionand Consumption Patterns on Society, Editors Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, 135-52. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1983. Wakimura, Kohei. The Indian Economy and Disasters during the new-fashioned Nineteenth Century ProblemsofInterpretationofColonialEconomy.http//srch.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/rp/publications/no10/10-06_Wakimura.pdf (accessed on September 6th, 2014)Washbrook, David. The Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonial India Production, Subsistence and Reproduction in the Dry South, C. 1870-1930. Modern Asian Studies 28, no. 1 (1994) 129-64.

Innovations in Financial Products Have Contributed to the Current Financial Crisis” a Discusses This Statement

Innovations in fiscal harvest-tides sacrifice contri only ifed to the real financial crisis A coveres this statement. Introduction What is monetary Crisis? A financial crisis is when the stinting value of a financial institutions or pluss declines suddenly, where redactors look at do off assets or withdraw their money due to the fear that the value of the assets would drop. E. g. Of a financial crisis ar * Banking Panics * Stock market crashes * Bursting of financial bubbles * property crisis. (http//provimet. weebly. com/uploads/2/4/3/4/2434228/global_financial_crisis. df) What is fiscal Innovations? financial innovations be ongoing development of financial instruments designed to achieve a unique(predicate) objectives, such as offsetting a take chances exposure (i. e. default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Financial innovation can either be product or process. Process atomic number 18 developments demonst tempod by newborn means of distribu ting securities, processing transactions or price transactions, while product innovations embodied by new derivative contracts, new corporate securities or new radiation pattern of pooled enthronisation products.Examples that relate to the crisis include the adjust able rate mortgage . i. e. the packing of subprime mortgages into owe Backed Securities (MBS) or Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization and a form of faith policy called Credit indifference Swaps (CDS), Collateralized Mortgage Obligation (CMO) The procedure of these products extended radically in the historic period prime to the crisis. These products differ in complexity and the simplicity with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions. http//www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf)(http//www. scribd. com/doc/47101947/Financial-Crisis-of-2007-2010). The purpose of this assignment is to discuss how the innova tions in the financial products contributed to the current financial crisis. In this paper I alike examine what these financial innovations are and how they contribute to the current financial crisis. Some of these financial innovations I will look at are CDOs, CDS, and MBS. Financial Innovation and the Financial CrisisThese are many factors played a part in the financial crisis and financial innovation was one of the factors but it did not only cause the financial crisis but to some point in time it did contribute to the crisis due to it misuse and wish of information and the under pricing of the risk involve in some of the financial product. Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO) Collateralized debt obligations are asset backed credential that is package together in a assorted range of debt obligations or shore loanwords package into a financial security that is divided up into various tranches, each level having a contrastive maturity and risk.The capaciouser the risk, the more the CDO pays. The type of CDO tranches include Equity, Junior, Mezzanine, and Senior tranche. The truth tranche been the riskiest level and while senior tranche is the safest of the CDO. The development of CDOs resulted in more liquid in the economy. They permit banks to sell their debt, and freed up more capital to invest or loan. Due to the additional liquidity this eventual lead to an asset bubbles in the lodging market and addresss crisis. So how did the CDO play a role in the financial crisis?During the early part of the crisis CDO assets started to decrease in value due to the rise in subprime mortgage default. CDO products began to under commit, the opacity of the products with vox populi to the character and quality of the assets that underlined their value leading to the discouragement in the investors and likewise led to panic in market about open institutions and CDO underwriters. As a result, CDO had lets banks and other financial institutions to summation t heir leveraged bet on the housing market, increasing returns in the short run escalating the damage once suspicions were raised.Investors did not know the value of the CDOs they were investing into due to the complexity of the product. Synthetic CDO increase profits on the benefit as the housing boomed however, as doubts occurs they were use as instrument investors utilize to creates a short spotlight on the disadvantage of the housing market. CDOs where use to put money in the mortgage market therefore persuading investors into thinking they were investing in a safe instruments that were establish on low quality assets. The value of CDOs helped in creating the damage of the financial crisis.MBS create a void among the originator of mortgage risk and the ultimate holder of that risk, this void was considerably broad by CDOs. On the other hand Synthetic CDOs broke the link all in all and permit investors to make an unrestricted number of bets on a name risk they did not understand. The complexity of the CDO and synthetic CDO structures was a problem. The cloudiness of the products make it hard to sum up the value thereby discouraged investors from fully grounds the risk that come with CDO enthronizations. (Class Note by Joe Naughton), (http//www3. eforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf) . Credit Default Swaps (CDS) A Credit Default Swaps is a credit derivative and a form of insurance policy on a bond or a loan. The protection clouder buys protection and makes regular payments just like an insurance premium, while the protection seller sells protection and takes the premium but tot to pay off the protection buyer in the event of a default . i. e. the CDS purchaser pays a fee in order to communicate the risk of a default to the CDS seller.A CDS contract can last for a number of years and obliges that the seller of the protection offer collateral to make sure that the buyer will be paid if the seller where to default. CDS of fers many advantages to individual participants that use them to hedge risk during the financial crisis and following economic downturn. Credit default swaps play a significant role in the financial crisis by contributing to the CDO market and its difficulties. CDS permit CDO mangers to make hybridizing and synthetic CDOs at a huge pace.CDS allows hedge funds to perform complex hedging and linkage that enable the purchase of junior and candour tranche. The CDS market lets investors and institutions to transfer risk, from the CDO market and elsewhere, to CDS issuers that were not in a put down to assume the risk. One of the role CDS played in the financial crisis was that it was able to transfer credit risk with CDS which make it hard to estimate the riskiness of a specific intermediaries. One of the issues also was that bank were able to buys and sells CDS that was not show in their balance sheet.This lack of disclosure makes it overmuch more problematic for a bank counterpart ies to tell how risky it is. The lack of transparency in the CDS market made the financial system exposed to a shock that threatens trust in counterparties. CDS sellers became more exposed to a collapse by some(prenominal) sellers this is due to the fact that a great number of CDS were trade over the counter (OTC), instead of in an exchange. And in an OTC market it is impossible for a seller to know what several buyers are doing with others.An example is AIG was a victim of the CDS market because the firm rede the risks of the CDS market and sold an excessive amount of credit protection through CDSs deprived not having an enough capital in a going reserve. (Class Note by Joe Naughton) (http//www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf) (http//www. mhhe. com/economics/cecchetti/Cecchetti2_Ch09_CDS. pdf) Mortgage Backed Security (MBS) Mortgage Backed Security is an asset backed security or a debt obligation by a mortgage or collection of mortgages loans.They are bundle together into pools and sold as a single security. This is cognize as securitization. .i. e. banks lend money to an individual to buy a foretoken in return the bank will collects periodic payment on the loan. The loan is thence sold to a bigger bank that packages the loan together into a mortgage backed security. The bank then issues shares of this security, called tranches to investors who buy then and ultimately collect the dividends in the form of a monthly mortgage payment. These tranches can be further repackaged as other securities, called collateralized debt obligations (CDO) and then sold.Mortgage backed security played a major role in the financial crisis of 2008, due to the increasing demand for MBS from investors eventually played a part in the financial market meltdown. The demand for MBS increased on mortgages of all risk, including subprime, which lead lenders to move towards the Originate to conk out business model, with the hardcore intenti on of securitizing and selling the mortgages after completing them. The MBS tranches pass judgment by the rating agencies led to believe that risks were understood and the investment were safe.If the MBS had not been given investment grade ratings then the degree of the financial crisis would have been significantly less. The measurement on the MBS was relax making it easy to participate, therefore the market began endorsing contrastive types of mortgages with a more risky kind that amplified the risk of a default to MBS investors. The MBS market was not regulated which also allowed financial institutions other bank to participate in the mortgage business. Mortgage backed security have weakness that was not accurately controlled in the run up to the crisis.Originate to distribute model spark off a behavioural changes in the market, from consumers to investment banks, that were not expected but that could have been monitored and managed by the industry and its regulators. (http//w ww3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf) (http//money. howstuffworks. com/mortgage-backed-security. htm) Financial innovation can not be held solely accountable for the financial crisis but it did contribute a great deal to the crisis and to the extent of the damage.The risk associated with financial innovation was not properly calculated, inturn in more credit default to occur. Financial innovation has benefits to the economy but due to the current financial crisis financial innovation has receive a lot of nix view as a result of the misused and badly managed of the products and also due to the fact that they were insufficiently thought out and the misapplication of the innovations that force have a positive impact on the economy. But collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps have done a lot of damage than good.Bibliography Bruno G, 2012. Rethinking Financial Innovation (online). on tap(predicate) from http//www3. weforum. org/ docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf . (20 November 2012). (Online) Available from http//www. mhhe. com/economics/cecchetti/Cecchetti2_Ch09_CDS. pdf. (20 November 2012). (Online) Available from http//www. scribd. com/doc/47101947/Financial-Crisis-of-2007-2010 (12 November 2012) (Online) Available from http//provimet. weebly. com/uploads/2/4/3/4/2434228/global_financial_crisis. pdf (12 November 2012).

To what extent are the problems created by rapid recent urban growth in LEDC’s similar to those created by rapid 19th century growth in MEDC’s?

A summate of problems in Mexico metropolis have been created by quick urban growth, some of which be similar to those experience by the UK in the 19th century, the period of the industrial whirling.Mexico is situated between Belize and the USA the jacket is in the centre of the country and growth is constricted towards the south and air jacket due to mellowed rugged mountains. Mexico city is built on a series of old lakebeds almost 2400m above sea level the mass of the lakes in the valley were numb(p) by the late 18th century. Although the lakes were beat(p) t here is still a store of body of piddle underground, this means that the metropolis is sinking by 5-40cm per year. Due to the city being built on relatively unstable grounds, the lake sediments amplify earthquakes experienced in the argona. In kinsfolk 1985 an earthquake caused a death toll of 10,000.With an elevated mountain line basin, Mexico City is prone to temperature sexual inversions where pollutant s, particularly from burning fossil fuels ar confine and commode non disperse, this creates a layer of smog over the city. This was a very prevalent occurrence in UK cities of the industrial revolution, for example Manchester.The industrial revolution started in the late 1700s when Richard Arkwright introduced the first mechanical textile machines into factories. Factories were highly polluting as the machines were draw and quarter on coal burning fires save at the time this was non seen as a charge as it was a very advantageous business making manufacturing plant owners very wealthy just as chargeowners were in the rural argonas of the UK. Growth of the cities followed the introduction of the factories mechanisation of farming had caused spectacular unemployment in rural areas. Factories needed a workforce and labourers were paid get around in this industry than farming. Later came the introduction of the iron industry creating to a greater extent than work but also m ore(prenominal) pollution for the cities.Mexico City is in a similar stage as this period of the industrial revolution over 40,000 factories in the city provide jobs to the population whilst creating this environmental concern in the process. However if Mexico wants to become a stable country, which is sustainable, then it call for to go through this process. Unfortunately now that we no of the problems that pollutants cause it is ambitious to watch Mexico do this to the environment.Factors explaining growth of a city can be divided into five main reasons. Firstly stinting influence, areas of a city will expand if attractions are in a central pickle and accessible for services, businesses and shops. The high demand for space in central areas travailes up property and land prices. As businesses increase in size and telephone number the area covered by the CBD will expand, therefore causing residential areas to increase in size, as the workforce of these companies will live near by. a great deal commonwealth cannot afford to spend a lot of money on travel expenses and therefore will live close to where they work to visit their costs. This means that you get a high concentration of battalion vivacious in a specific area. Proximity to certain urban areas can affect where people live. For example, if a polluting factory is opened, it may deter people from nourishment in that area and inadvertently cause an increase in the number of people living somewhere else. Making the problems being experienced here to perhaps become more severe.Secondly, political control, restrictions may be in place to allow growth in some areas but not others, for example a green belt system. The purpose of a green belt is to stop building in that area. Private companies owning land can determine who they sell land to and who they refuse. Redlining areas can be instructed by political bodies to enforce that people do not live in specific areas. Redlining an area can simply be done by not allowing someone to borrow money to buy a erect in that area.Thirdly, socio-economic segregation, people often live in areas of similar social groups, life style and family types. For example in Mexico City there are specific areas where the elite live and other areas where the poor live. The elite scat to be found in areas of wealthy suburbanites in the south double-u of the city where there is the least pollution, furthest from industries with the best commercial services, remove networks and medical and healthcare options. Where as the poorer population live in the nitrogeneast close to the industrial areas and CBD where there is the worst pollution and 40-66% live in informal settlements.Fourthly, migration, there are a range of strong push and trust factors to Mexico City from rural areas in Mexico. Approximately 3000 people transmigrate to Mexico City each day from surrounding states, for example Hidalgo. The push and bring out factors can be divided up into economic, political, social and environmental.A political pull factor is that education is more available in the city and older children often can attend whilst younger ones work with parents in the informal sector. Political push factors are that there is a wishing of basic services in rural areas, 80% without running water and poor communications and that there has been very little investment in projects benefiting subsistence farmers.An example of an economic pull factor is that relatives already living in the city provide networks of information on employment and accommodation, 44% of migrants hope on help such as this to get them started. Some examples of economic push factors include, unemployment in rural areas, blown-up landowners dominate the land and shed few benefits to farmers, and rural farmers have variable yields and cannot afford pesticides.Examples of social pull factors include, lower mortality rates in the city due to more services such as healthcare, glamoris ed perception of urban life, women are more able to migrate due to greater independence, more opportunities in the city. societal push factors are dominated by the rapid rate of rude(a) increase, which causes stress on the food supplies.There are no environmental pull factors it is well known that Mexico City has one of the worst pollution records in the world however some rural areas are so dire that it is the only solution. For example 80% of soils are poor and theater to soil erosion and desertification.Finally, natural increase, there is a reduction is the number of people dying and an increase in the number of births, approximately 30/1000 petroleum birth rate to 10/1000 crude death rate.With the city growing exponentially, being ten times bigger than it was in 1940 there are a range of problems that are uncontrollable to avoid in an LEDC. There is no public transport in Mexico City meaning there is 3.5 million privately owned vehicles on the road, this creates congestion t hroughout the road networks and high levels of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide are released. With the addition of 40,000 factories producing 12,000 tonnes of gases per day, the mixture of pollutants and cool air from the surrounding mountains causes a temperature inversion creating a thick layer of smog over the city that is extremely bad for your health there is a high incidence of respiratory problems.Similar problems were seen in Manchester in the early 19th century where factory chimneys and domestic coal fires created a permanent blanket of smoke and acrid rain creating numerous diseases including bronchitis, influenza, asthma and pneumonia. It has been said that breathing the air in Mexico City is the equivalent of smoking sixty cigarettes a day. In 1994 the knowledge base Health Organisation (WHO) declared that the quality of the air in Mexico City was only acceptable on twenty days of the year.Due to the city being built on dried lakebeds where huge amounts of waste l ibrate has been dumped over the years on open sites there are mod problems of winds uplifting dust and spreading it over the south east and north east adding to the smog situation.As 99% of lakes in Mexico have been drained it means that water has to be pumped from 150km to supply Mexico City with its requirements, 66,000 litres are consumed per second.In the early 19th century Manchester experienced an extremely rapid increase in population size, while Londons population doubled, Manchesters trebled. In 1811 Manchester had a population of 89,068 by 1851 the population had risen to 303,382 people. This created an extreme problem with availableness of housing and quality of living standards. Population density was extremely high and many people shared poorly constructed houses with very little sanitization and no water supply. This can be seen in Mexico City today, here the population density has risen to 5487 persons per km2 due to the mass numbers migrating to the city on a daily basis and therefore there is not adequate housing available. This means that shanty towns have developed where people live in shacks constructed from corrugated iron and wood. Where people are living in proper houses it often overcrowded, this is 44% of houses in Mexico City.With a large population comes a large waste disposal crisis in Mexico City approximately 90% of hazardous waste is release into the sewage systems, which are contaminating the water supply. This has further affect on the population when the water is used on the growing crops. A result of the contamination is that proceeds and vegetables contain a high level of lead. Many babies born back up some problem caused by lead poisoning.

Groups and Teams Paper

Groups and Teams Britny McCoubrey MGT/311 January 16, 2013 Marcia Smart, Ph. D. Groups and Teams Cooperation has been an essential tool for humanity through start its history people read employ group demandment for hunting, satisfying, out-of-the-way(prenominal)ming, and protection as well as for community and friendly fulfillment. As industry and technology permit re watchd and extended the dynamics and demographics of trade, traditional proprietorships be possessed of readily given mood to discovernerships, in turn gave way to corporations.Within these businesses, cooperation serves again as a driving force toward a honey oil goaloften on a huge scale that operates on the work of smaller groups and teams. This publisher will examine various kinds of work(a) groups (supplemented where possible by examples from an organization for which the author has worked), and the importance of the implicit in(p) differences in the midst of working groups and teams. It will also address the five stages of team-building, how divergence (a much-maligned term), in reality assists this process, and individualistic(prenominal) experiences of the author with this process.Different Groups Within an organization, different kinds of groups cooperate on different levels for different reasons. Robbins and Judge (2011) identify six types of groups statuesque, in ball, leave erupt, caper, interest and friendship. Organizational social organization determines formal groups, which work in concert to achieve organizational goals (p. 276). All of the associates working in a single Walmart store comprise a formal group. An informal group does non rely on the organization for structure, fable or goals and gathers instead to satisfy social needs of the people comprising it (p. 76). The Walmart associates chatting at the break-room table constitute such a groupthey may non be friends outside of work or withal know for each one other, only they assemble to eat t ogether and banter about their original or personal exploits. Four subgroups exist at bottom these groups formal subgroups accommodate require and task, while informal subgroups imply interest and friendship (p. 276). officially classified command groups report to one manager at Walmart, a single Customer Service Manager supervises and assists up to 16 propertyiers in a command group.In a task group, members dont inevitably report to one manager, but rather transcend different managers, groups, and departments to effect a specific task within the organization. When a man ran out of Walmart with a stolen backpack full of other stolen sporting goods equipment, several(prenominal) managers from several departments chased him out the door and tackled him on the concrete in the pose lot. Those managers then had to cooperate with the Loss Prevention associate, the Sporting Goods bullpen associate, and even the police in order to handle the situation and move send on with prosec ution.In m whatever a(prenominal) cases of crime or other special circumstances, associates of different areas have to make do together to complete tasks that affect all of them (and often the store). spot all command groups are task groups in some way, task groups are more transcendental and therefore non always command groups (p. 277). Informal interest groups include people gathering for universal interests, whether that common interest is quilting caps and blankets for the March of Dimes effort or lobbying for or against organizational or managerial actions or policies (p. 77). Friendship groups, on the other hand, gather for a sense of community this often transcends the professional sphere and carries into the personal sphere, with people meeting outside of work and building personal relationships with coworkers. Groups vs. Teams season the terms group and team seem to be used interchangeably, fundamental divergences separate them. According to Robbins and Judge (2011), work groups take on the responsibilities of formal groups as defined earlier.They mainly work together to make decisions that support them fulfill their responsibilities and meet broad organizational goals, which thye do on an individual basis and without need or practical ability to utilize teamwork or collective effort. Work teams, on the other hand, functions on collaboration and synergy, supply by the efforts of several people working together to accomplish overlap goals. While a group of cashiers will process transactions as fast as they merchantman to control front-end congestion, the accounting team that handles the cash works together as a real team to andle their tasks, which include getting change for cashiers, taking in cash drops when tills close, and auditing those till drops. They work together in one little room, working out sealed decisions and coordination on their own for their own specific goals. While groups work together individually, teams work together co llectively, even though all work in the company of one another. Teams are often more valuable than chaste groups be deliver direction shadower harness that synergy and collectivity, and use it to increase performance. The quint Stages of Team-BuildingRobbins and Judge (2011) identify the five stages of team-building as forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning (p. 279). Forming sees the team take shape amid structural, leadership, and purpose-oriented ambiguity. Much like a pack of creatures doing dominance, the team members will stab limits and test boundaries until they find what works and begin feeling like a team. This can happen when an associate is newly hired and must establish his place among his peers. Specifically, when Walmart remoulded Garden Center, people from different departments and ranks were pulled together to work on it.This was an awkward cadence at first, because no one really knew who of the many evenly-ranked employees was in bearing. St orming essentially needs difference of opinion to iron out these details and determine who will lead the team, and to allow team members to come to terms with team-related constraints. The associates argued for a few days on whose breaks and lunches took priority, as the remodel issue forthred on a single shift each day and lunches were delicate to coordinate without some having to wait longer than others to go.Finally, two leaders took charge and managed the schedules moreeffectively. More about team contravention circumspection will swipe later. Norming sees the team cohering and settling into their roles and codes of conduct. Certain Walmart associates involved with the remodel had different skills and backgrounds, so as Goodwill (2011) suggests, leaders assigned associates to different duties, and once these and systems of evaluating conquest were established, teamwork became easier and tasks more defined.Performing is like fourth gear for the team it is rolling and amp ly functional, firing on all cylinders and turning out real achievement. In the remodel, Walmart associates dug in and did what they knew they had to. This is the final stage in permanent groups, but in temporary groups assigned for a specific task within a ageframe, adjourning sees the team tie up loose ends, add finish touches, and finally disband. The remodel team was likewise disbanded after shelves were replaced and reassembled so that actual Garden Associates could arrange and stock them.Those associates went back to their normal duties. Regarding these stages, Weinclaw (2010) makes an excellent range when she advises that these stages are not necessarily linear, and can repeat or occur at different stages or even in cycles. Just because a team has moved past one conflict, for example, or established leadership, this does not mean new conflict or leadership will not arise, and the team may have to go back through trustworthy stages if this occurs.Conflict Management in Tea ms As mentioned previously, conflict actually helps to shape teams. However, this does not mean that all conflict at any level is causative to efficient performance by a team. According to Robbins and Judge (2011), a certain amount of conflict can allow teams to strengthen rapport, engage creativity and remain dynamic, whereas the total absence of conflict can idle a team and render it static, which can cost the team drive.Conflict management sounds like a strategy for removing conflict, but Robbins and Judge (2011) define this develop as using both resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve as optimal level of conflict, which implies that conflict may need to be worked up occasionally as well as resolved. Sykes (2010) addresses ways that conflict can arise, including cultural differences (as a result of globalization, for example) and clashing communication styles.She emphasizes the importance of identifying the cause and creating a solution. In her opinion, a major eleme nt in managing conflict is to prevent it as much as possible (although she asserts that conflict management is not about absolute elimination, which would be impossible). Of course, a major support in managing conflict on individual and group levels is to incorporate conflict management training into the workplace, so that employees are prepared to respond suitably and effectively to conflict should it arise.At Walmart associates are trained, for example, on how to use the chain of command to report conflicts, and how to use the open door policy to get nearly additional or command chain-related conflict as well. Understanding conflict as a potentially positive influence on a team and knowing beforehand how to respond effectively to it so that it can have that positive influence can decrease drain on teamwork from conflicts not only by preventing them when possible, but by reducing the time and stress that they siphon from real tasks. ConclusionTeamwork, according to Goodwill (201 1) remains a major theme in modern business, and understanding the complex processes of ontogeny teams and managing conflict to keep a team dynamic and performing satisfactorily allows for an appreciation of all that really goes into keeping those teams running smoothly. In a business world that increasingly thrives on teamwork and the output of its synergy, would-be employees and leaders alike need to embrace this form of collaboration. Teamwork has, after all, gotten humanity this farsurely it will carry it much further as time goes on.References Goodwill, M. (2011, February 10). How to succeed at team-building. People Management, 30. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed. ). Upper bicycle seat River, NJPearson/Prentice Hall. Sikes, B. , Gulbro, R. , & Shoesy, L. (2010). Conflict in work teams Problems and solutions. Allied Academies global Conference Proceedings of the Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict (AOCCC), 15(1 ), 15-19. Wienclaw, R. A. (2010). Teams & team building. Teams & Team Building Research Starters Business, 1-6.CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY Icertify thatthe attachedpaper is my original work. I am familiar with, and acknowledge my responsibilities which are part of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else. I have identified the sources of all information whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, all images, and all quotations with citations and reference listings.Along with citations and reference listings, I have used quotation marks to identify quotations of fewer than 40 words and have used block indentation for quotations of 40 or more words. null in this assignment violates copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property laws. I further agree that my name typedon the line below is mean to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature. Studentssignature (name typed here is similar to a signature) Britny McCoubrey

Business for the Glory of God Essay

AbstractIt is not a secret to any whiz that the USA has pick out western European line ethic model. Considering the dominance of Judeo-Christian goal in that region, it is of sm any wonder that quite a few deterrent example principles from the Bible bring on entered the field of international affairs. I kick up that we oppose the two sets of morals the unmatched hidden beneath the texts of the Bible and the unrivalled widely applied in business. The motion in the world of dialogue has been traditionally catchn as some topic that cannot possibly contri totallye anything to matinee idol worship. Ambitions and wealth, retention owning and development of valet labor (however slight and well rewarded) are admited sinful in the whimsey of representatives of the traditional branches of Christianity, such as the Orthodox and Catholic churches. further Wayne Grudem claims that an effective work of any businessman can be a proper way to glorify the Holy Father. I suggest that we check into some of the suppositions provided by the author in his give-and-take byplay for the eminence of graven image the Bibles Teaching on the Moral faithfulness of Business.They ordain be criticized from a few points of view, and certain remarks will be included based on the humors of Karl Marx and John Kaynes. John Kaynes happen upon a curious comment c erstrning the discussed subject Capitalism is the astounding whimsy that the wickedest of men will do the wickedest of things for the greatest good of every whiz. These words cannot be disregarded (for the thought of private business is a tri barelye to capitalism), because Kaynes is one of the developers of modern economic theory, yet, this remark contradicts with the main idea of Grudem. Can it be simply because Kayness point of view is a realistic one and the author of the mentioned book makes assumptions about what the ground of things could be like in perfect conditions? Wayne Grudem does not deny the fact that the current perception of business is based on just observations and the experience of the past, yet he claims that no(prenominal) of the elements of business and negotiation has been initially cruel.Four chapters of Grudems book (ownership, capital, distinctionof willpower, borrowing and lending) concern material possessions and their fuckment. The traditional interpretation of the Bible states that any type of possession is sinful therefore the disciples who take the veil make a vow of meagerness. Obviously, poverty cannot keep the business running. Such misunderstanding of the Bible (for I chalk up with the author, there is no allusion to the virtue of poverty in the Bible) among the Orthodox and Catholics is a result of the traditional hierarchical structure of the society originated in the Dark Ages (early Middle Ages), where the top figure on the scale would collect almost all the earned money (collected crops, livestock, produced goods) and manage it in the way he (back in those days women were prosecuted even for eyesight dreams, it was virtually impossible for one of them to gain a risque post) would come across it appropriate.Both Grudem and Marx agree on the ultimate importance of money (as an variantred of possession or its poster) in the modern society. At some point, I do agree with the author of the book barter used to die away down the development of the occupation therefore, money as an equivalent, a measure for all products and services was initially a good idea and it nonetheless remains a useful and practical invention. Also, it was a sensible idea for the author to draw a fine line between the money as an object and love of money, as a root of all evil. At this point, the opinions of Grudem and Marx coincide (at least somewhat), because Karl Marx also chose to differentiate the archetype of money and the concept of capital (which here we can interpret as wealth). Therefore, I do not share the authors opinion about the money as fundamentally good thing, but I can easily agree with it being a inert but very useful invention.As a basic concept seems now kinda clear, I suggest that we move further, to the complex outlet of possession. In the book Business for the glory of God a passion for possession is seen as a positive phenomenon, the wish to expand ones care and responsibility, but Marx attributes this desire to the realm of capitalism and the accept for an increasing surplus nourish for major manufacturers, which only results in ventilation of poverty on the other pole (considering that the surplus value is the value of the produced goods with the laborers salary subtracted from it). One could argue that uneven dispersal of wealth has been there forever since the simplest hierarchies appeared within savage human communities. so far the profoundstudies of the civilizations of the past uncover one curious fact there has always been poverty, but the persons income never depended solely on the products of his or her labor, the person would also receive a fraction of normal wealth, appropriate for his or her (mostly his) social status. There was hardly such thing as you get only as much as you wear.The mentioned phenomenon can be attributed to the origination of capitalism in the Middle Ages. Again, Grudem sees this distinction of possession as an inherent element of the human society and Marx finds it a drawback of the current economic dodge. However, it cannot go unnoticed that the first author addresses the concept, and the help author explains the peculiarities of its performance in the condition situation. But here they are, the opinion of a theologian against the opinion of the father of the modern economy. Owning private property calls for responsibility, but possession is much more likely to corrupt a person than to organize him or her. I mogul even agree with Karl Marx on the subject of capitalism being a transitional state of the development of the world economy, and a highly unbalanced one. It also might be that time will show that Grudem was wrong, and any type of possession is initially evil and corrupting for the human society but I am absolutely convinced that humankind will not be willing to part with this particular sin anytime soon.Yet in his book Wayne Grudem raises the subject of voluntary contribution of some part of possessions to the of necessity of the others the matter that could be the answer to balancing the world discrepancy of what one needs and what one gets. In general, improvement of moralities of all people could be a good way to address many global issues, but the idea of founding a new, perfect society based solely on high morals is nobody but Utopia. Grudem also discusses the perplexity of productivity. On the one hand, I cannot gather why the subject entered the list of perplexing issues, for hard as Ive tried to find a ace relevant work that would count this saying as a ban one, I fail ed.On the other hand, it pleased me to discover the point that had arisen no discussion, the quintessence of everyones agreement all Christian churches find high productivity of any activity a blessing from God, Karl Marx and John Kaynes consider high productivity a result of effective utilization of sources and optimisation of processes of manufacturing (of course, these two authors also pay attention to the possible drawbacks of this phenomenon, such asoverproduction, but Grudem only addresses the general positive concept of productivity, therefore, I suggest that we set aside its probable side effects for now). Karl Marx even commented once on the subject of manufacturing, production and productivity, saying that human labor is what makes a difference between the initial and the final product and the difference in their cost apart from that, a man can do nothing above what nature (in the context of my work nature could be substituted withGod) is capable of, which is changing onl y form of things. It is still a question open for discussion whether the joy of creating something new is an attribute to the godly origins of the human body and soul, but it definitely lifts ones spirits to see a new high-quality and beautiful thing created with her or his own hands.The lastly controversial point on which Id like to reap light is employment. Karl Marx sees this aspect as one of the first signs of a running(a) capital an employer has obtained a big enough capital to free himself from natural labor and allows money to work for him (the exchange of parts of capital for employees labor). The Orthodox and Catholic churches see employment as a neutral thing. Yet, considering the aspect of the sinful origins of any possession, the appropriate reward for work is seen as food, shelter and a good emplacement, but hardly ever any money. Basically, the traditional get of Church to paying with conveniences for labor, a kind of barter, seems to have much in common with the ideology of the communist system (the hierarchical scales of both seem quite similar as well). The approach has proven itself to be inapplicable in the current capitalistic world.Therefore, given a just attitude of an employer towards the employees, fair wages and good work conditions, the phenomenon of employment does not seem to bear any initially evil origin. As for the perversions that have invaded the original neutral-good model of employment, I can only add that even a fork could be used for thrust eyes instead of picking food. The book Business for the glory of God the Bibles Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business by Wayne Grudem does have a seed of truth in it, because none of the discussed concepts has been developed for harm on the contrary, most of them were designed to make the commerce and cooperation easier for everyone. And in the perfect conditions, in the world, where morality possesses the ultimate value and no perversions are ever implemented into the elabor ate structures of cooperation, thefunctioning of the designed processes would go smoothly, provoking no discontent from any of the parties.The love of money seems to have corrupted the society and the developed tools are used for increasing the income rather than for harmonizing the relationships between people and providing high-quality products for everyone. Indeed, now business is seen as something that lacks morals and ethics, but with a bit of effort and a major change of attitude it could be aimed at achieving a global welfare.ReferencesGrudem, W. (2003). Business for the glory of god the bibles teaching on the moral goodness of business. Wheaton, Illinois crossbreeding Books. Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest and money. United Kingdom Palgrave Macmillan. Marx, K. H. (1867). Capital. (4 ed., Vol. 1). Chicago Charles H. Kerr and Co.

Abortion: Two Sides of the Argument

In todays society all(prenominal) time a individual turns on the television, goes on a computer, turns on a radio, passes a billboard, or picks up a newspaper that person is bombarded with debates. There are many different debates and each debate with dickens parties both of which substantiate two very different and sometimes conversational opinions. Everywhere a person looks they are faced with arguments such as pre boldnessnt Obamas affordable healthcare act, gay rights, the matters of the death penalty being healthyized or il juristicized in all states, and many more. In this paper I go forth not talk about any of the previously give tongue to arguments.I will however talk about wholeness of the most heated up and controversial arguments of today. Before I continue with the debate I engage chosen I am stating that I will not be sharing any of my personal opinions or views on the matter. I retain chosen to discuss the debate regarding abortion and the two sides of the argument. I will explain both pro career and pro choice and the error both sides habit when trying to gain followers. Just about both person has an opinion or a side when it comes to the topic of abortion. I stimulate researched percentages based on quite a little who are pro living vs. professional person Choice and if abortion is ever Justified.A treetop done by Gallup in may of 2013 helps to show some percentages on what side or sides the American people are taking. Based on a one hundred percent model forty five percent of people are pro Choice, forty eight percent are professional living, three percent were mixed, 2 three percent did not discover the meaning of the terms provided, and two percent had no opinion. In the poll a majority of the people who participated had chosen which side of the argument they had hold with. In some other recent model done in May 2013 by Gallup shows the percentages of peoples views on if abortion hould ever be heavy and Justifi able.Legal nether any circumstances has a vote of twenty six percent, legal under certain circumstances fifty two percent, illegal in all circumstances twenty percent, and no opinion had two percent. Pro manner is a Christian based non- profit anti- abortion composition that was founded in the year 1980 by Joseph Scheidler with the systems head quarters in shekels Illinois. The goal of the organization is to protect and save unborn children and their mothers with non violent dissents. The organization believes that women are being exploited by the abortion perseverance. too that the abortion industry is the main stool of what the organization believes is the murder of an human being. The members of Pro Life have many different tactics implemented to publically protest abortion. The Pro Life organization does not condone any abandon in the protesting of abortion, but the organization does use brilliant material in the Face the Truth Public Education Initiative. This educatio nal possible action uses graphic externalises of real aborted fetuses to show the aftermath of the procedure. This protest is described as to show our fellow Americans the ugly truth about abortion.The Pro Life members line the major road ways and intersection magical spell showcasing the graphic images. Pro Life organization also uses less graphic forms of protesting such as sidewalk counseling, youth outreach projects, public, protest, 3 presence at abortion clinics, and confronting abortionists. The majority of protesting takes place at the abortion clinics. Pro Life members will stand outside of the clinics to perform prayer vigils, last splendid consulting to women and couples with abortion alternatives, pregnancy resources, as well as confidential counseling. Pro Choice I organized by the National Abortion Federation.It is the matter association for professional abortion providers. The N. A. F provides training and services to do abortion providers in North America. The goal of the N. A. F is to ensure womens synthetic rubber when to comes to abortion whether it is elective or medically necessary. Pro Choice is come to around that women should be able to dumbfound private medical decisions with their healthcare providers and to have the right to chose what slide bys to their bodies. The N. A. F also supports the education for women and youth n different contraceptive methods to help prevent unplanned pregnancies. in like manner the organization provides resources for women to make inform decisions when it comes to their choices. The organization helps to provide women with the education about abortion, adoption, and parenthood. The organization sets smell standards for abortion care and to make sure the medical providers such as Nurses, Physician Assists, Doctors, and Mid wives are qualified to provide high prime(prenominal) care. N. A. F also helps with legal legislations to keep abortion legal. The organization fears what ould happen to wom en if abortion was to made illegal.Pro choice does protest to keep abortion legal in the United States. The Pro Choice adverts are not as graphic as Pro Lifes. Though Pro Choice does have advertisements of what environments women may find themselves in if abortion were to be made illegal. Pro Life also uses education to teach women about what had happened in the 1950s to the 1960s in advance 4 abortion was legal in America. This is used to create sentience so that history will not repeat itself. According to Our Bodies Ourselves a Pro Choice website uses statics o show mortality rate in women to either tried to perform a self initiated abortion.Between 1950 and 1960 before women were legal able to get an abortion 1. 2 million of those women did self performed abortions. In countries where abortion is still illegal unsafe abortion is the leading cause of maternal deaths. This accounts to 219 women dying daily worldwide. some(prenominal) organizations use medical facts and statics for a large part of their demonstrations, however they both employ of use of a logical fallacy to make their cases. The logical fallacy that Pro Life and Pro Choice both use is appeal to perception. Appeal to emotion is a fallacy to manipulate the recipients views by exploitation an emotional trigger.This doer that the parties involved may not be using actual legitimate intormation to run a person. It is very clear botn ot the organizations are against the other. The names are the first thing I had noticed. The names are completely turnabout from one another. For example is a person is Pro choice past they are against life or that person is for death or murder. Also if a person is Pro Life then that implies that person is anti-choice. For another example Pro Life members eb advertisement and That I have in person seen driving on 95 is a image of a rape with the saying Endangered species. Obviously children are not a menace species because human beings are not endangered. This is used to evoke a real emotional response to gain Pro Life members and not using actual facts to prove a point. Pro Choice also use the appeal to emotion to gain members as well. In a advertisement for the Pro Choice Public Education Project it contains a picture of a dirty bathroom thats covered in filth. Above what is the tubful is a plaque that says Operating room. A bathroom is not an operating room this once again used to invoke emotion. The 5 emotions of despair and fear.This is used in the campaign for keeping abortion legal. Also someone the slogans each side uses appeal to emotions a well. For example Pro Life slogan You might forgive yourself, but a nonviable baby sure cant. Whether the baby to speak of is dead or alert the said baby does not have the capability to comprehend forgiveness. Both side also use TV adds to discount the other side and to persuade the viewers. The internet video 180 shows how to change a persons discernment about abortion within secon ds. The method that was used involved Hitler and his enchant on the German people.Ray Comfort is the interviewer in the movie. Comfort asks a few young people about their feeling regarding the killing of the Jewish people. in all the participants agreed that what had happened was wrong and that killing a person was wrong. Comfort then moved into abortion after using emotional response to what happened in the holocaust and comparing that to abortion. Comfort put that abortion is Americas holocaust. In deduction though both Pro Life and Pro Choice have valid points and information both of the rganizations use appeal to emotion to persuade potential followers.

Bestfoods Case study Essay

Bestfoods can unless perform in effect through interactions with the broader external milieu of which it is a part. The structure and functioning of the outside(a) organisation must(prenominal) reflect, therefore, the nature of the environment in which it is operating, including workforce variety show issues. In order to ensure its survival and future success Bestfoods must be readily adaptable to the external demands placed upon it using enamor structure and support of its HR guidance team. In this case, Bestfood is responsive to variety through workforce variation management.To operate internation every(prenominal)y, Bestfoods has to provide diversity management in order to leverage differences among employees. 1. The key diversity ch anyenges veneering by the company wages two-thirds of employees working outside the USA disproportional number of women and minorities who leave Bestfoods gender inequalities (women can reach only warmheartedness management level) women and minorities have less opportunities for career development than men (according to the survey) broad(prenominal) turnover level among women and minorities at both management level attitudes and demeanour barrier for promotion few women at high positions. These challenges shows that Bestfoods has high versatile workforce that prevent the company to grow rapidly. Managing gender and racial differences should be the part of the management concerned with the maintenance of human relationships and ensuring the physical whole some(prenominal) being of employees so that they give the maximum contribution to efficient working 2. To overcome diversity problems, Laura Brody was appointed to develop and implement equal chance campaigns involving international divisions of the company.She called her task as a double edge leaf blade aimed to propose everyone equal opportunities for carrier development. The key actions helped this strategy to succeed include global action learni ng programs and an incremental change the first cleaning lady appointed as a country general manager the versatile board of directors consisted of two fe phallic, an African American CEOs and four males form different countries senior-management training programs long-term objectives of the company rather than compliance Diversity consultative Council.These key issues encompassed a strategic perspective of the company and were closely link up to the management assist as a whole demanding that each structural manager and supervisor apply the article of faiths effectively. 3. In order to implement diversity programs, Bestfoods took several steps. (1) Brody changed the nature of Diversity Advisory Council implemented a team-building salute aimed to establish a common vision. If a team is to be lucky and perform effectively there must be a purport of unity and co-operation, which can be achieved through scheduling and decision-making.As a part of this action, the Council d eveloped a Balance Scorecard for diversity. (2) Examining and borrowing become from leading companies about leveraging workforcce (p. 529) (outside practitioners, gathering top hat-practice and benchmarking studies). This step helped to avoid thinkable mistakes and faults. (3) A Cultural Connections program was implemented. It helps to reconcile the gap between what should happen, and desire-targets and standards of act and what is happening and levels of work performance.It twisting educational programs, training, sexual harassment barroom training, demand for further education, etc. (4) Forum initiative. 4. In general, the idea of a Forum was very effective helping to join employees, increase their confidence, motivation and commitment provide recognition, enhanced responsibility, and promotion give a relish of personal satisfaction and achievement, and broader opportunities for career progression. The idea of Forum could help to meliorate organisational performance as it increases the level of individual and organisational competence.Nevertheless, the drawback of this policy was that Brody decided to involve only women as participants. Instead of a blend of competency, the Forum resulted in greater diversity within cheek. (5) An alternative action to this program can be the International HR management Forum involving male and female employees, HR managers from different countries and the USA. This strategy would be more effectible in terms of boilers suit companys policy towards diversity management. This International HR operate would ensure human resources policy as an essential part for every manager and supervisor aware of diversity management.It would develop an integrated uprise for organisations to locate equality issues in their mainstream activities. (6) The main problems faced by Brody and Shoemate include prohibit attitudes of male employees and women excluded from discussions the diversity issues. In general, this approach broadene d gander diversity, and created a negative image of females as executives. Many women were afraid that after attending an all-women assembly might encourage others to think their success was owed primarily to their status as women rather to their competence (p. 540).The challenge was that the Forum forced some executives to believe their attitude towards womens potential and look objectively at their competence and professional skills. (7) Unfortunately, the Forum was negatively perceived by male employees. For some of them it was nothing more than koffee-klatch (p. 541) and discrimination on the gender basis. It is possible to make do this meeting as indirect discrimination depriving most employees from opportunities to be involved in problem-solving and strategic planning. This policy did not offend only male employees, but women who had not been invited.Most women called it another private club troupe (p. 540). Brody and Shoemate did not develop a experience of people percept ion, and did not date the feelings of staff, their needs and expectations. (8) In any case, leadership played a of import role helping to held female employees together and motivated them to give their best fret to the job. Communication strategies helped to provide satisfaction of members social needs, and a sense of personal identity and belonging to organization. Communication provided additional channels and means of motivation, for example, through status, social interaction.Decision-making about the future strategy of the organization was made and implemented by employees. It was very important that employees were involved in this process. The unity of leadership, communication and decision-making created an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect between managers and employees. (9) Bestfoods and Brody can institutionalized the position of a diversity manager in every office around the world. This strategy will help to palm not only women question, but to cover equal emplo yment opportunities for all employees in spite of their gender, position in the company or racial/national differences.The Forum should be based on an elective principle which means that every employee in the company has an equal opportunity to take part in it. The Forum can address different questions involving all employees of Bestfoods. This strategy will increase team effectiveness which depends upon different strategies including a spirit of unity and co-operation, which can be achieved through leveling of differences. In an opening letter to all CPC Employees, Shoemate underlined that the policy of the company is an ongoing process that affects everyone in the company. we need to engage every person in this effort (p. 546).Nevertheless, the Forum did not bow different groups of employees focused only on gender diversity question. To overcome this drawback, the Forum can create furcate working teams examining gender diversity, minorities rights, equal opportunities and equal pay issues. Recognising that men and women present different cultures at work, as well as different ethnic groups, and that this diversity needs to be managed, is key to promoting a positive environment of equal opportunity, which goes beyond merely fulfilling the demands of the statutory codes. References 1. Case Study Bestfoods.

Interview with a Medical Coder Essay

Medicine is an art, it is science and business. There argon scientific and artistic aspects those doctors squ be off in the profession of medicine. Doctors buzz off to be paid which requires a dissimilar skill that is complex and comes with administrative professional. Hint a checkup exam Biller and secret writing. aesculapian Billers and Coders work with clinics, doctors, hospitals, endurings, and other medical facilities. Submitting claims to insurance companies help ensure that bread and butter staff and doctors ar properly reimbursed for work rendered. When one is a medical Biller on that point are abbreviations and acronyms that help save time when filing a claim. Many offices have their own roughly frequently officed acronyms and abbreviations that they use to do their coding and billing. There are many an(prenominal) acronyms and abbreviations used in all medical practices. Here are some examplesEDI (electronic Data Interchange) Electronic claims that are sent to a central clearinghouse for distribution for individual carriers.EOB (Explanation of Benefits) This refers to a document that is issued by an insurance company that responds to a claim mastery which outlines what services are covered and what services are not, and what level of reimbursement are available.HIPAA (wellness Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) The privacy rule, which outlines certain entities in a someone wellness plan, clearinghouses can disclose or use person health discipline, and who may be allowed to access a patients personal medical records.health maintenance organization (Health Maintenance Organization) Is a health management plan that requires patients to have a PCP (primary care physician). A PCP is where patients seek out most of their initial give-and-take at. If the PCP feels like it is necessary to seek treatment from specialist they will send a patient to within that ne twork. CMS (Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services) linked States Department of Health & Human Services that administer Medicaid, Childrens Health Insurance Program, and Medicare.PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) This allows patients to visit providers that are contracted with their insurance companies. If that patient visits a non-contracted provider, the claim will be considered out-of-network.WC (Workers Compensation) The U.S. Department of Labor program provides insurance for employees whom may get injured on their place of employment.POS (Point of Service) An insurance plan that offers low terms HMOs when a patient sees network providers by their insurance company. Currently the medical coding is transitioning from ICD-9 to ICD-10. ICD-10 is presenting itself with more precise information and data, which in the turn helps with the World Health Organization (WHO). With the new ICD-10 enrolls have increased in character length giving the biller to right which specific extremity it is on a patient (left arm, right arm). ICD-10 complianc e attend is coming October 1, 2014. ICD- 10 reimbursement has said to have some challenges with DRG payments. The changes that are cognise to take place do not affect the DRG (Drug Related Groups) count as expected. The majority of reimbursements that come to a hospital are ground on DRG.The impact on an organization with Medicare revenue of $150 jillion using a -0.04% variance it would be a $600,000 loss, which is still a substantial amount. Amounts of reimbursements can shift and vary depending on mix of a facilities DRGs. In ICD-10 fiscal impact will be with slowdown in submission of final codes, rejections and denials because on inaccurate codes, and productivity loss (Smith, 2013). medical exam billers and coders should not be overly concerned with these changes.Medical Billing and Coding specialist deal with patients medical records which contain physicians notes for services that were rendered at the timeof the patients visit. The medical biller and coder translates tha t information to a five-digit code from American Medical Association Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) or from Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems (ICD). It is crucial for the ICD and CPT codes harmonize with the services rendered or a claim will be rejected, many claims are initially rejected.The cost of healthcare is on the rise and the requirement for services has increased of required and specialty services feed into the financial greed among HMOs. The major bulk of hospital bills are paid today by the patients health insurance provider which are termed the payer. 68% of the United States population has private insurance which is provided by their employer or self-pay. Around 9% of the population are self-payers who direct-purchase their insurance. There are two main categories of third- party payers they are government and private.Medicaid and Medicare are the largest government issued payers. Reimbursements for some(prenominal) private and g overnmental have policies that support therapeutics, diagnostics and new medical medicines and technologies. It is clinically evidence based approvals such as diagnostic test, ethical drug medicines, clinical trials and however insurers are using to help with their life cycle. With reimbursements there are incentives for medical facilities and doctors. Reimbursements are a source of revenue for hospitals payers do not pay a full price for services. health care has rick the economys largest force.Healthcare services are very diametrical from other industries because of the production rate. In the healthcare industry the technology cash advance makes a bigger impact than other industries. An assembly line at a manufacturing plant process thousands of the same or identical items. These items are produced by robots and machines which dehumanizes the industry. Patients are cared for on unique terms one by one. Health care is also locally based in each city and state and are not outs ourced or out of the country. As the healthcare industry is growing the productivity is slowing down. Thus the cost of production in the healthcare industry steadily rises.References(n.d.) AMA American Medical Association. The Difference between ICD-9 and ICD-10. Retrieved July 13, 2013 fromhttp//www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/399/icd10-icd9-differences-fact-sheet.pdfMarcinko, D. (2011). Recognizing the Differences between Healthcare and Other Industries. Retrieved July 20, 2013 fromhttp//medicalexecutivepost.com/2011/01/19/recognizing-the-differences-between-healthcare-and-other-industries/ Smith, Donna. (2013). Reimbursement Impact of ICD-10 Should You Be Concerned?. Retrieved from August 15, 2013 Fromhttp//healthcare-executive-insight.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Reimbursement-Impact-of-ICD-10-Should-You-Be-Concerned.aspx catch up with as multi-pages

Ethical Lens Essay

During the Ethical Lens Inventory exercise that I did, I learned that I do not re tout ensembley take a personal preferred ethical lens. I see the gifts and the weaknesses of every last(predicate)(prenominal) lens and I am satisf dallyory to move fluidly among them to adapt the right tools to each situation to assure the best outcome. I am able to employ my reasoning skills to determine my duties, as surface as the global rules and the systems that will assure fairness and justice for everyone. I also bear in mind to my intuition to determine the greatest good for each individual, as well as the virtues that will best serve the conjunction.I aim each a mature ability to use the right tools in a given situation or a paralyzed belief that everyone has a valid train. Although each of us has preferred lens, near who atomic number 18 ethically mature and able to use the tools of all the lenses, adapting them as appropriate in a given situation, test in the center of the gri d. Others who test in the center of the grid actually have underdeveloped ethical skills. Those without skills carry to be paralyzed by their ability to see all sides and ar too desperate to please everyone.I personally think I do more of the macrocosm desperate to please everyone than the not being able to see all sides of the situation. I was able to get this learning from the exercise I did at http//www. ethicsgame. com/Exec/Eli/EthicalLensResults. aspx? R=1 My Core set are Autonomy, Equality, Rationality and Sensibility. I value autonomy and equality equally and I value rationality and sensibility equally. My Classic Values are Temperance, Prudence, Justice and Fortitude. I am able to manifest all iv classic virtues depending on what the circumstances require.My Key Phrase is I accommodate ethical choices for myself and others. I am able to see myself and others clearly, therefore I do not make assumptions about why people act the way they do or how things should be do ne. My Definition of Ethical sort is Doing the Right Thing. I tend to hold this high standard for myself plainly I do not judge others who fall short, so pertinacious as their intentions were honorable. My Tools for Analyzing Problems are Reason, Experience, Authority and Tradition. I am comfortable employ all available tools to analyze a problem.These can include hypercritical thinking skills, reference to experts, my own past experience and the traditions of the community. My Gift to the community is balance among all four lenses, because I can see the benefits of each of the lenses and I can use the tools of all of them. The mature expression of this mental attitude has no blind spot. I am able to see some(prenominal) the strengths and the weaknesses of each lens and to harmonize the four core values of autonomy, equality, rationality and sensibility.Discernment comes with ethical maturity and provides direction in specific situations. My risk is In treat. I run the risk of seeing everything and deciding nothing if I am not self-aware. As one who sees the legitimacy of everyones position of view, I am particularly prone to delay or in a flash inaction. My Temptation is Superiority. Believing that my balanced vantage point gives me a captain ability to resolve ethical dilemmas, I may convince myself that I have all the answers and do not imply any excitant from others. My Vice is Insistence on Agreement.By insisting that everyone validate all points of view as I do before moving forward, I become tyrannical and may actually provoke dissenters into sabotaging the process as the only way they feel they can maintain the integrity of their diametrical viewpoint. My Crisis is Confusion. Unless I develop the practice of mindfulness and reflection, at some point I will become confused and find that I have lost my moral compass. The downside of being able to see everyone elses thought is that I can lose track of my own. My Seeing Clearly is see to m y heart use my head act with confidence.To see more clearly, I need to first consider the nature of the problem. Then I need to use both my head and my heart to discern which course of action will best manifest interdependence. Once I have assessed the ramifications of the mixed options, I will need to act with confidence and courage. Although there may be more than one way to resolve a problem, some actually are better than others. I think I could use my personal ethics to determine a course of action by knowing how I feel about the situation along with all the circumstances involving the situation.

Education Unplugged Analysis Essay

In his essay, Education Unplugged, Floyd Allen, the indite combined threesome methods of development, process, cause-effect, and argument method, in order to strengthen the strong suit of the message he was conveying. According to Allen, generally, the society today rely on pseudo-intelligence, which means that people, particularly the youth, depend too much on engineering to perform their work for them including even the simplest tasks like counting small amounts of funds or basic math.The author claims that the only way to solve this is for educators to concede more emphasis on teaching more the fundamental or basic lessons in school than focusing on computer education. Among the three processes used by the author, the most dominant and most effective peerless is the argumentative method. In the essay, Allen argued that young people nowadays can no longer perform a lot of basic tasks without resorting to an electronic widget first.In order to support his claims, the author used as an ensample his experience with a female fast food employee who had to call for tending just to count his change of 99 cents. He also cited new(prenominal) examples of too much reliance on pseudo-intelligence such as the unfitness of the tellers to make transactions with clients when the system is down and the inability of children to tell the epoch if the clock has hands.Generally, the use of solid examples and instances is the one of the most effective shipway to convey the message an author would like to impart to his or her readers when qualification an argument. In the essay, Allens use of real life scenarios greatly bolstered his claims on pseudo-intelligence because readers were able to relate to them. He also used solid examples when he provided the solution to societys problem such as concentrating more on teaching students the basics of writing, reading, and arithmetic instead of focusing on making them computer literate.

Is ObamaCare Bad for Business? Essay

On March 23rd, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into legislation the Patient Protection and low- appeal C atomic number 18 Act. Since then, the new bill, nicknamed Obama caveat, has sparked heated controversy all across the orbit between Democrats and Republicans, for each one(a) side fiercely tearing at each other with facts and statistics. I was curious as to what all the hoopla was near, so I decided to look into ObamaCare, and find out what I could close to the 2,000-page regulation. I decided to discuss ObamaCare with my step mom, who owns a wellness clinic in Oregon. Getting a nice business owners luff of view on ObamaCare seemed a smart way to cop a more objective understanding of how the public was reacting, aside from any governmental squabble that tends to drown out the issue at hand. While talking with her, she explained how she was forced to shut down her clinic because of ObamaCare. That moment narrowed the focus of my explore into one crucial question Is O bamaCare faithful or bad for footling businesses in America? This is a question that is very complex, as the declaration can be a yes, no, or in-between. Democrats support the mandate, while Republicans resist it. Hence the controversy surrounding the bill.To further my understanding, I went online and tried filtering by dint of the immense plethora of information on ObamaCare. My next step would be to get a general understanding of what the bill is, and how it works. From what I could gather, ObamaCare is basically a mandate that requires all Americans to bind health insurance by 2015, or else suffer a hefty penalty that will gain with each year.The main focus of the mandate is towards individuals and menial businesses whom cannot afford health insurance. According to Karen Pollitz at abcnews.com, ObamaCare is a law enacted to ensure that all Americans have access to affordable health insurance. It does this by swirling consumers discounts (k immediatelyn as appraise ac knowledgements) on government-sponsored health insurance plans, and by expanding the Medicaid assistance program to intromit more batch who dont have it in their budgets to overcompensate for health care. To get back to the question at hand, is ObamaCare good for small businesses? Democrats really seem to believe so.As was said before, Democrats support the mandate, and birdsong that ObamaCare has helped improve the economy since the law was signed. Not only that, but the mandate has cut healthcare costs. According to obamacarefacts.com, when asked approximately ObamaCare hurting small businesses, the answer was do byed as The unbiased truth on ObamaCare and low-down Business. The response stated that ObamaCare helps most small businesses, not hurts them.The response goes on to address how small business owners have had a harder time providing insurance to their employees by dint of history as a result of rising insurance costs. altogether the while larger businesses rema in largely unaffected. The website in addition states that today, almost one-half of Americas uninsured are small business owners, employees, or their dependents. Small businesses can also apply for a tax credit to help with insurance costs by using ObamaCare, for up to 35% of costs for 2 geezerhood, depending on the circumstances.To restate what was said earlier about what ObamaCare basically is, the mandate includes a certain clause that says that businesses that refuse to offer insurance coverage to employees and individuals who do not have insurance by the end of 2014 will be forced to pay a obese penalty, about $2-3,000 per uninsured employee. The rates increase each year as well, which should deter large businesses from dropping employees or cutting back everyones hours to part-time, to make sure employees get the benefits they deserve.Here comes the messy part the political backlash of Republicans refuting the so-called facts. Republicans are dead set on their discernment that ObamaCare is bad for small businesses, not good. To begin refuting the Democrats claims, the tax credit that small businesses can apply for is not as sweet as the glass looks. Yes, you can apply for the tax credit, but what the Democrats failed to mention is that you have to go through four complicated tests to even qualify. Less than a fourth of small businesses make it past the send-off three tests trying to get the tax credit. Not to mention that the credit only endures two years at the most, not very long atall. This makes the credit often useless, as it is not even assured you will get the complete 35%, but rather you can receive up to 35% of the credit, depending on your circumstances.President Obama had a famous quote from when he was first advertising ObamaCare If you like your current health plan you can pass off it. We dont want you to have to change. This quote haunts the President amidst reports that 3.5 gazillion Americans who purchase health care plans on their own have now lost their coverage because of ObamaCare. Scott Gottlieb writes, Very soon, small businesses will share a similar fate. They will also see their health plans canceled as a result of ObamaCare. These small businesses will be faced with a knifelike choice find another, more costly policy thats pliant with ObamaCare, or put their employees in the ObamaCare exchange.While a smaller voice of business plans may get canceled (relative to the fraction of individual market plans that are now being terminated) the small group market is nonetheless such(prenominal) bigger than the individual market. Even if ObamaCare materially affects a smaller while of the business plans, it will still encumber far more people than the 3.5 million individuals now losing coverage. Some small businesses used a loophole last year in 2013 so that they could delay the mandate requirements until January 1st, 2015. That means they should be getting their cancellation notices in the mail aro und November of 2014. News of these cancellations will go directly to the employees, much like the cancellations being sent out now. later on researching diligently on ObamaCare, the question I started off with in the reference is ready to be answered.Yes, there are many bad things about the mandate that affect businesses, such as loss of coverage to employees, penalties that cost businesses their revenue, and people losing their coverage entirely. There are also some good things about the mandate too, like some small businesses will be able to cover their employees with healthcare for the first time. Small businesses can also receeive tax credits and tax breaks to help them survive our economic hardships. exclusively the debate goes on, and every person has their own opinions and bias on the issue, which in turn answers the question for them. For me, I do not likeObamaCare one bit, as it implies that the needs of the few outweigh the needs of the many in terms of healthcare. But that is a question of personal ethics, not the set up of ObamaCare.Works CitedGottlieb, Scott. Thousands Of Small Businesses Will Also Start Losing Their Current health Policies Under Obamacare. Heres Why. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 6 Nov. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. http//www.forbes.com/sites/scottgottlieb/2013/11/06/thousands-of-small-businesses-will-also-start-losing-their-current-health-policies-under-obamacare-heres-why/ What Is Obamacare?. About.com US Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. http//useconomy.about.com/od/healthcarereform/f/What-Is-Obama-Care.htm ObamaCare 2.5 million more jobs lost, another one thousand million in deficit spending. Human Events. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. http//www.humanevents.com/2014/02/04/obamacare-2-5-million-more-jobs-lost-another-trillion-in-deficit-spending/ ObamaCare Small Business Facts. ObamaCare Small Business Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. http//obamacarefacts.com/obamacare-smallbusiness.php Neporent, Liz. Obamacare Explained (Like Youre An Idiot). ABC News. ABC News Network, 23 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. http//abcnews.go.com/Health/obamacare-explained-idiot/story?id=21292932 Is Obamacare Financially Burdensome for Businesses? DEBATED. Obamacare/ Health Care Laws. N.p., 11 Oct. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. http//healthcarereform.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001840